The biggest failure of Indira Gandhi as PM of India would be that she couldn’t sort out the Kashmir issue even after a decisive victory over Pakistan in Bangladesh war. Bangladesh war in itself is her biggest victory, is possibly the only battle or war after World War-II where there has been a clear cut victory.
On 16 December 1971, Pakistan ultimately called for unilateral ceasefire and surrendered its entire four-tier military to the Indian Army– hence ending the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971. The Indian Army brought Pakistani army to its knees, took 93,000 Pakistani prisoners and gave 75 million people of Bangladesh their independence
According to the US State Department historian, 'When the fighting developed, the Nixon administration tilted toward Pakistan. The tilt involved the dispatch of the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise to the Bay of Bengal to try to intimidate the Indian government. It also involved encouraging China to make military moves to achieve the same end, and an assurance to China that if China menaced India and the Soviet Union moved against China in support of India, the United States would protect China from the Soviet Union. China chose not to menace India, and the crisis on the subcontinent ended without a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union.'
When Indira Gandhi gave Richard Nixon a Frost Bite
Success of Smiling Buddha -The American intelligence community in the Nixon era missed India's preparations for a nuclear weapons test and was caught unawares when "Smiling Buddha" was successfully conducted at Pokhran on May 18, 1974. The revelation means India managed to keep the US in the dark over Smiling Buddha. India could mange this success even after suspicious death of top nuclear scientist Dr. Homi Bhabha & Dr. Vikram Srabhai. While Bhabha died in a plane crash, Dr. Sarabhai was found dead in a hotel room.
We have to give credit to Ms Gandhi for her bravado and handling both the situation with iron hand without getting intimidated by US.
Bank Nationalization -Indira took a bold step to nationalize 14 commercial banks on July 19, 1969, through an Ordinance. The private banks were considered unreliable after a string of failures. It was also believed that these banks were lending only to big businesses, ignoring the agriculture sector which was crucial for reducing poverty. Estimates suggest only 2.2 percent of the bank loans were given to the farmers in 1967.
Green Revolution -India took active interest to pursue the green revolution which was started in 1960. Indira Gandhi, The Iron Lady Of India made the Green Revolution a key government top priority and in addition to the new hybrid seeds, started state subsidies, the provision of electrical power, water, fertilisers and credit to farmers. Agricultural income was not taxable. The outcome was that India managed to become self-sufficient in food — a heartfelt aim for Indira after American President Johnson’s erratic and condition-laden food aid.
RAW- It was Indira Gandhi, who established RAW an agency in line with CIA The decision to set up a separate agency to deal with external intelligence was taken against the backdrop of the perceived intelligence failures in the wars of 1962 and 1965. Hitherto, the Intelligence Bureau (IB) had looked after both internal and external intelligence. The organisation failed to gauge the military preparation of China and Pakistan in the wars of 1962 and 1965. RAW played significant role in Bngaldesh war as in annexation of Sikkim.
Over seven months before the 'Bangabandhu' Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated along with most of his family members in the August 15, 1975 carnage, a former top Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) official had met him here to warn him against the conspirators.
"These are my own children and they will not harm me," the Bangladesh leader had told Rameshwar Nath Kao, founder of the India's external intelligence agency, who meet him in December, 1974 with the approval of the then Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. RN Kao was reporting to PM directly.
How Morarji Desai botched up RAW's most daring plan, Operation Kahuta -The Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), India's external intelligence agency launched Operation Kahuta in 1977 to infiltrate into Pakistan's atomic energy installations.
Operation Kahuta is regarded by many as one of the most daring operations ever conducted by RAW. The only reason it failed was due to a grave blunder by an Indian Prime Minister. Kahuta is the site of the Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), Pakistan's main nuclear weapons laboratory as well as an emerging center for long-range missile development. Morarji Desai called up General Zia and shared entire details of the plan.
Indira is ill-famous for imposing emergency. However If Indira didn’t do it right by imposing emergency, Morarji Desai was not the PM India deserved. People of India found it better to bring back Indira ( evil ? ) rather than having a traitor PM
Assassination Indira Gandhi is the result of a major international conspiracy, which I will discuss in a separate article.
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Image source - Google
Ref:
- All About The Green Revolution By Indira : Impacts and Path Ahead
- Sheikh Mujibur Rahman had ignored RAW alert ahead of bloody 1975 coup
- After 50 years of RAW, there are still no declassified documents or an official history
- When Indira Gandhi gave Richard Nixon a Frost Bite
- How the US tried to corner India
- https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/know-how-morarji-desai-botched-up-raw-s-most-daring-plan-operat-31481.html
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